Oxidation.
One of the most common forms of base oil degradation is oxidation. It occurs when oxygen reacts with the lubricant’s base oil, which is typically a hydrocarbon. When the oil becomes oxidized, some hydrocarbon molecules are transformed into acid and sludge, which affect the performance properties of the oil. Some molecules are better equipped to resist oxidation than others. Therefore, some base oils have better oxidation stability than others. Oxygen is a necessary component for oxidation; consequently the degree to which the lubricant is aerated affects the oxidation rate. The presence of water and reactive metals, such as iron and copper, also influences the rate of oxidation. Oxidation-inhibiting additives sacrifice themselves to protect the base oil from oxidation.
Thermal Degradation.
Unlike oxidation, thermal degradation does not require oxygen to occur. Thermal failure takes place when the oil comes in contact with hot surfaces inside the machine, such as combustion or exhaust areas, or when coming in contact with compressed bubbles, such as in hydraulic systems. Thermal failure results in the loss of hydrogen, leaving carbon-rich particles behind in the form of sludge and deposits. Thermal failure does not produce acid, however it does produce deposits that affect the performance properties of the oil. In some cases, the hydrocarbon’s carbon chain cracks into smaller subsets of itself, reducing the average molecular weight and the viscosity of the resultant molecules.
Hydrolysis.
Hydrolysis is the direct reaction of the base oil mixing with water, which permanently modifies the base oil’s molecular structure. Ester-based lubricating oils, including dibasic acid ester, polyol ester and phosphate ester, are the most susceptible to hydrolysis. Esterification of alcohol and acid, the process that creates ester base oils, produces ester and water as its by-products. When exposed to water, esters readily hydrolyze back into alcohol and acid. Hydrolysis affects the performance properties of the base oils that utilize esters. Many lubricants and hydraulic fluids employ esters as their primary base oil component or as a co-base oil to improve the solubility and seal performance of highly refined mineral or synthetic oils.
mineral or synthetic engine oils
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