Plants need water, carbon dioxide and a range of trace minerals known as ‘nutrients’ to grow. They obtain these nutrients, and most of their water, from the soil. Soil composition Soil is made up of three main things: clay, humus and sand. There are also many small organisms that live in the soil, and most of these are useful to the plants. Clay Clay is made from the breakdown and recombination of silicate rocks.
It is made up of alternating layers of silicon oxides then aluminium oxides, with various cations such as Ca2+ loosely bound in between the layers. Anions adsorb onto the oxide surfaces, with doubly and triply charged cations sticking better than singly charged ones. Clays are the main source of nutrients in the soil. Humus This is any organic matter in the soil – i.e. the products of the decay of plants and animals. It is mostly made up of aromatic compounds.
Over time it breaks down to carbon dioxide and water so it needs to be continually replaced. Humus is important in regulating the amount of water in the soil. Sand This is solid particles of ground up rock. A small amount of sand is necessary to ensure the correct water content in the soil. Sources of plant nutrients The nutrients available in a given soil ultimately depends on the rock from which the soil was made. If the plants grown from this soil die and decay where they have grown then their nutrients are recycled. However, if the plants have been grown for agriculture then they are removed from the area in which they have grown and their nutrients cannot be recycled. So in soils that are used for cropping, essential nutrients continually have to be replaced.
Replacement of plant nutrients This can be done either using manure or compost (which are relatively poor sources of nutrients) or a synthetic fertilizer. Synthetic fertilizers are usually used to replace nitrogen (in the form of urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate or diammonium hydrogen phosphate), phosphorous, sulfur and potassium. The nitrogen is obtained from the air, the phosphorous is mined as Ca3(PO4)2, the sulfur is mined in elemental form and reacted with oxygen to form sulfate, and the potasium is obtained from seawater. Other minor nutrients are also sometimes replaced using specialised artificial fertilizers. Soil analysis If soil has an inappropriate composition for a given plant species then that plant will not thrive (or maybe will not grow at all) in that soil. To prevent this being a problem, samples of soil are often analysed so that nutrients can be added before seeds are planted.
Soil is commonly analysed for potassium, magnesium, calcium, nitrogen and phosphorous (the exact choice of elements to monitor depends on which plants are to be grown) and also for pH. Some of these tests are so simple they can be carried out at home (some examples are given at the end of the article) and others require specialised equipment.
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