- Steam – Used in machines called autoclaves. Autoclaves use steam heated to 121–134 °C (250–273 °F). To achieve sterility, a holding time of at least 15 minutes at 121 °C (250 °F) or 3 minutes at 134 °C (273 °F) is required. Autoclave treatment inactivates all fungi, bacteria, viruses and also bacterial spores. Pressure cooking food is also steam sterilization though it is not that thorough.
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