PART I – FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMIC ACID TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 1 – Introduction To Powder Humic Acid And Industrial Production……………………… 1

Chapter 2 – Humic Substances: Humic Acid, Fulvic Acid And Humin……………………………… 9

Chapter 3 – Chemistry, Molecular Structure And Functional Groups Of Humic Acid……….. 18

Chapter 4 – Physical, Chemical And Functional Properties Of Powder Humic Acid…………. 26

PART II – RAW MATERIALS AND FEEDSTOCK TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 5 – Leonardite As The Principal Raw Material For Humic Acid Production………… 36

Chapter 6 – Lignite, Peat, Compost And Alternative Humic Raw Materials…………………….. 46

Chapter 7 – Raw Material Selection, Sampling And Characterization…………………………….. 55

Chapter 8 – Raw Material Specifications, Storage, Crushing And Pretreatment……………….. 64

PART III – HUMIC ACID EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 9 – Fundamentals Of Alkaline Humic Acid Extraction……………………………………… 72

Chapter 10 – Alkali Selection: Potassium Hydroxide, Sodium Hydroxide And Alternative Extractants    82

Chapter 11 – Solid-To-Liquid Ratio, pH, Mixing And Extraction Efficiency……………………. 90

Chapter 12 – Batch Humic Acid Extraction Technology……………………………………………….. 98

Chapter 13 – Continuous And Semi-Continuous Extraction Technologies……………………… 106

PART IV – SEPARATION, PURIFICATION AND STANDARDIZATION

Chapter 14 – Solid-Liquid Separation, Settling, Filtration And Centrifugation……………….. 114

Chapter 15 – Acid Precipitation And Humic Acid Recovery………………………………………… 123

Chapter 16 – Washing, Deashing And Mineral Impurity Reduction………………………………. 131

Chapter 17 – Neutralization And pH Adjustment Technology………………………………………. 139

Chapter 18 – Concentration, Standardization And Preparation Of Humic Acid Slurry…….. 146

PART V – POWDER MANUFACTURING AND FINISHING TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 19 – Fundamentals Of Humic Acid Powder Production…………………………………… 154

Chapter 20 – Spray Drying Technology For Humic Acid Products……………………………….. 162

Chapter 21 – Tray, Rotary, Vacuum And Fluidized-Bed Drying Technologies………………… 171

Chapter 22 – Milling, Pulverizing, Sieving And Particle Size Control…………………………… 180

Chapter 23 – Powder Flowability, Anti-Caking And Product Conditioning……………………. 189

PART VI – COMMERCIAL POWDER GRADES AND PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 

Chapter 24 – Technical-Grade Powder Humic Acid Manufacturing………………………………. 198

Chapter 25 – High-Purity Humic Acid Powder Manufacturing…………………………………….. 206

Chapter 26 – Water-Soluble Potassium Humate Powder Manufacturing………………………… 214

Chapter 27 – Sodium Humate Powder Manufacturing Technology……………………………….. 223

Chapter 28 – High-Solubility And Specialty Humic Powder Grades……………………………… 232

PART VII – PLANT ENGINEERING AND QUALITY CONTROL

Chapter 29 – Powder Humic Acid Manufacturing Plant Design And Process Flow…………. 241

Chapter 30 – Process Equipment, Tanks, Mixers, Filters, Dryers And Mills…………………… 252

Chapter 31 – Material Balance, Process Yield And Production Efficiency…………………….. 264

Chapter 32 – Quality Control Laboratory And Sampling Procedures…………………………….. 276

Chapter 33 – Humic Acid Content, Solubility, Moisture, Ash, pH And Particle Size Analysis 288

PART VIII – COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION, SAFETY AND ECONOMICS

Chapter 34 – Packaging, Storage, Stability And Shelf-Life Management………………………. 300

Chapter 35 – Troubleshooting, Process Deviations And Product Quality Problems…………. 312

Chapter 36 – Industrial Safety, Environmental Management And Manufacturing Economics 329

APPENDICES

Appendix A – Humic Acid Technical Terminology……………………………………………………… 347

Appendix B – Raw Materials Used In Powder Humic Acid Manufacturing…………………… 357

Appendix C – Typical Raw Material Specifications……………………………………………………. 369

Appendix D – Typical Powder Humic Acid Product Specifications………………………………. 382

Appendix E – Quality Control Test Summary…………………………………………………………….. 393

Appendix F – Manufacturing Troubleshooting Tables…………………………………………………. 408

Appendix G – Material Balance And Production Calculation Examples………………………… 420

Appendix H – TDS, CoA And Manufacturing QC Checklist Templates………………………… 445