Several considerations must be made when selecting a binder for a pad application:
• The binder must be rewettable. Poor rewetting characteristics promote premature polymerization. Premature polymerization on equipment, or binder build up on pads and dry cans leads to contamination of the shade and poor quality. This rewettability is usually improved with increasing surfactant levels, which may lead to foaming.
• The binder should have a tolerance to pH fluctuations to minimize flocculation in the dye bath. The pH of the dye bath must be maintained at 7.0 or higher until the fabric has been padded.
• The binder needs to be compatible with other auxiliaries such as anti-migrants, wetting agents, resins, and resin catalysts.
• Finally, resin and catalyst can affect the emulsion of the binder system, and the order of addition is very important in the bath make-up. The pH of the pad bath is a critical factor in the performance of the binder and in the even and successful application of the shade. Since this is the case, ammonium hydroxide is added as the first ingredient to the water before any other chemical. This insures a pH in the alkaline range for the finished bath. The order of addition of the various ingredients is also crucial to good operation and success. The pigment dispersions are stabilized at a pH of 7.5-8.5 and are stable in this range or even in acid conditions if handled with care. The binder, however, is stable in the 7.5-9.5 range, but will begin to polymerize if the pH of the bath becomes acidic. When this happens, the pigment will be flocculated out of the bath and the bath cannot be used for padding. This fact is the key when combining a resin with a pigment pad bath.
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