Introduction Manganese deficiency in pear trees is a common micronutrient disorder that negatively affects vegetative growth, photosynthesis, and fruit quality. Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient involved in enzyme activation, chlorophyll formation, and carbohydrate metabolism. In pear orchards, manganese deficiency frequently occurs in alkaline, calcareous, and poorly aerated soils, leading to visible leaf symptoms and […]
