- Air disinfectants – disinfectant is dispersed as either as an aerosol or vapour at a sufficient concentration in the air to cause the number of viable infectious microorganisms to be significantly reduced. Chemicals used propylene glycol and triethylene glycol.
- Alcohols – high-concentration can effectively inactivate viruses such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Chemicals present usually ethanol or isopropanol. It is safe and inexpensive to use in household environment, care has to be taken around inflammable items.
- Aldehydes – are somewhat effective on spores and fungus also. Chemicals – formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.
- Oxidizing agents – Cause the microorganism to collapse. Chlorine and oxygen are strong oxidizers, so their compounds are used for e.g. common household bleach. In fact it is the most cost-effective home disinfectant (sodium hypochlorite solution) is used to clean toilets, drains, surfaces, swimming pool.
- Phenolics – It is oldest known disinfectant for e.g. mouthwashes, Dettol. Chemicals – Phenol, Chloroxylenol
- Quaternary ammonium compounds (“quats“) – These are effective low level disinfectants. Chemicals – benzalkonium chloride.
- Biguanide polymer polyaminopropyl biguanide – bactericidal at very low concentrations (10 mg/l)
- High-intensity shortwave ultraviolet light are used to disinfect smooth, opaque materials.
- Common sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has disinfectant properties.
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