FM additives form slippery physical or chemical boundaries between metal surfaces and oil to reduce friction. They are used up to 1% by weight in fully formulated oil and are typically used at higher levels in modern engines because they improve fuel economy. Their effectiveness varies greatly with engine design and type of lubricant formulation used. Surface active FMs are organic friction modifiers whose polar heads contain oxygen, nitrogen or boron.
Many are derivatives of oleic or laurel acids. Chemically reactive FMs are typically molybdate esters, molybdenum dithiocarbamates or molybdenum dithiophosphates. Metallic FMs are molybdenum based and are well known as one of the most effective in the industry. FM lubricants also are available in solid molybdenum disulfide, graphite and PTFE types.
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