PART I — FUNDAMENTALS, RAW MATERIALS AND ALGINATE CHEMISTRY 1

CHAPTER 1 — ALGINIC ACID POWDER: PRODUCT IDENTITY, INDUSTRIAL DEFINITION AND COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE — 2

CHAPTER 2 — ALGINATE CHEMISTRY, POLYMER STRUCTURE AND ALGINIC ACID FUNDAMENTALS — 18

CHAPTER 3 — ALGINIC ACID AND INDUSTRIAL ALGINATE SALTS —- 28

CHAPTER 4 — BROWN SEAWEED STRUCTURE AND ALGINATE-BEARING SPECIES —- 38

CHAPTER 5 — INDUSTRIAL BROWN SEAWEED FEEDSTOCKS AND RAW MATERIAL CATEGORIES —- 49

CHAPTER 6 — RAW MATERIAL SELECTION, SPECIFICATIONS, MINERAL LOAD AND CONTAMINANTS —- 61

CHAPTER 7 — ALGINATE EXTRACTION CHEMISTRY AND SOLUBILITY TRANSFORMATIONS —- 72

CHAPTER 8 — MOLECULAR WEIGHT, M/G RATIO, VISCOSITY AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES —- 84

CHAPTER 9 — TARGET CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY REQUIREMENTS OF COMMERCIAL ALGINIC ACID POWDER —- 96

PART II — MANUFACTURING CORE: FROM SEAWEED RECEIVING TO FINISHED ALGINIC ACID POWDER 108

CHAPTER 10 — INDUSTRIAL PROCESS ARCHITECTURE AND COMPLETE FACTORY FLOW —- 109

CHAPTER 11 — RAW SEAWEED RECEIVING, INSPECTION, STORAGE, CLEANING AND WASHING —- 123

CHAPTER 12 — DESALTING, SIZE REDUCTION, HYDRATION AND
PRECONDITIONING —- 134

CHAPTER 13 — ACID PRETREATMENT AND RAW SEAWEED DEMINERALIZATION —- 146

CHAPTER 14 — ALKALINE EXTRACTION AND CONVERSION TO SOLUBLE SODIUM ALGINATE —- 158

CHAPTER 15 — EXTRACTION REACTOR OPERATION AND PROCESS CONTROL —- 171

CHAPTER 16 — SOLID–LIQUID SEPARATION AND SEAWEED RESIDUE REMOVAL —- 184

CHAPTER 17 — CLARIFICATION, COLOR CONTROL AND EXTRACT PURIFICATION —- 197

CHAPTER 18 — SODIUM ALGINATE LIQUOR CONDITIONING AND PRE-PRECIPITATION CONTROL —- 210

CHAPTER 19 — DIRECT ACID PRECIPITATION OF ALGINIC ACID —- 222

CHAPTER 20 — CALCIUM ALGINATE PRECIPITATION AND CONVERSION TO ALGINIC ACID —- 235

CHAPTER 21 — ALGINIC ACID WASHING, DESALTING AND PURIFICATION —- 248

CHAPTER 22 — DEWATERING, PRESSING AND WET ALGINIC ACID CAKE PREPARATION —- 262

CHAPTER 23 — DRYING AND ALGINIC ACID POWDER FORMATION —- 276

CHAPTER 24 — MILLING, SIEVING, STANDARDIZATION AND FINAL POWDER FINISHING —- 291

PART III — PRODUCT QUALITY, INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION AND PLANT MANAGEMENT 307

CHAPTER 25 — COMMERCIAL ALGINIC ACID POWDER GRADES AND FINISHED PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS —- 308

CHAPTER 26 — QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY AND ANALYTICAL TESTING —- 321

CHAPTER 27 — POWDER STABILITY, HYGROSCOPICITY, STORAGE AND
PACKAGING —- 336

CHAPTER 28 — INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ALGINIC ACID POWDER —- 352

CHAPTER 29 — INDUSTRIAL SCALE-UP, MATERIAL BALANCE, YIELD AND UTILITY CONSUMPTION —- 367

CHAPTER 30 — MANUFACTURING TROUBLESHOOTING AND PROCESS OPTIMIZATION —- 387

CHAPTER 31 — PLANT EQUIPMENT, AUTOMATION, PROCESS SAFETY, ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, ECONOMICS AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS —- 406